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Lois Pope LIFE Center
Miami, Florida 33136
Toll Free 800-996-3783
Tel: 305-243-6946
Fax: 305-243-3337
Howard J. Landy, M.D.
Professor
tel: 305-243-6946
fax: 305-243-3337
For Patients
Board Certifications
American Board of Neurological Surgery
Practice Locations
University of Miami Hospital/Sylvester
Lois Pope Life Center
Languages Spoken
English
Education
| University of Miami Affiliated Hospitals Miami, FL |
Residency | 1987 | |
| Senior Residency | 1986 | ||
| University of Miami Affiliated Hospitals Miami, FL |
Junior - Neurological Surgery | 1983 | |
| University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL |
M.D. | 1980 | |
| Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY |
Undergraduate | 1975 |
Dr. Howard Landy was born in 1954 in Texas and grew up in South Florida. He earned a BS in Electrical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, and he received his MD from the University of Miami in 1980. His internship in General Surgery and residency in Neurological Surgery were served at the University of Miami Affiliated Hospitals, completing his chief residency in 1987. During residency, he received special training in functional and stereotactic neurosurgery from his mentor, Dr. John Van Buren. His concentration in epilepsy surgery included significant experience in electroencephalography under the tutelage of Dr. Cosimo Ajmone-Marsan.
Dr. Landy joined the faculty of the Department of Neurological Surgery in 1986 with a practice subspecializing in neuro-oncology and functional/stereotactic surgery. In addition, he has spent time on spinal surgery and neurotrauma, and his practice has included adult and pediatric patients. His research interests have included both surgical epilepsy and neuro-oncology. A prime focus of his research has been the development of stereotactic radiosurgery. Research has included studies of radiobiology in both clinical and laboratory settings. This work initially involved fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery with linear accelerators. Since 1994, the emphasis has been on Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery, and Dr Landy is medical director of the Gamma Knife Institute at the UM/JMH Medical Center. Over the past several years, he has also returned to interests in neurocritical care and has an active research effort in digital signal processing techniques applied to intracranial pressure monitoring.
Dr. Landy is currently Professor of Neurological Surgery and Radiation Oncology and his current clinical practice includes mainly stereotactic radiosurgery and critical care in the Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit.
Clinical Specialties
Stereotaxic surgery, movement disorders, epilepsy, tumor surgery, trigeminal neuralgia, stereotactic radiosurgery, critical careResearch Interests
PUBLICATIONS:
BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS PUBLISHED:
Falcone S, Landy H: Intraoperative Sonography. In Latchaw, Kucharczyk, Moseley (eds.): Imaging of the Nervous System: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications, Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, pp1375-1394, 2004
Landy HJ, Arias J, Green BA: Penetrating Injuries. In Tator C, Benzel E (eds): Contemporary Management of Spinal Cord Injury: From Impact to Rehabilitation. American Assn of Neurological Surgeons, pp 199-207, 2000
Landy HJ, Lee TT: Nonpenetrating Spinal Cord Injury. In Weiner W (ed): Emergent and Urgent Neurology, Second Edition, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 275-288, 1999
Landy HJ, Lee TT: Closed Head Trauma. In Weiner W (ed): Emergent and Urgent Neurology, Second Edition, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 255-274, 1999
David CA, Landy HJ, Green BA: Penetrating Wounds of the Spine. In Wilkins R, Rengachary S. (eds): Neurosurgery, Second edition, pp 3055-3062, 1996
Landy HJ: Post-traumatic epilepsy. In Tindall GT, Cooper PR, Barrow DL (eds): The Practice of Neurosurgery, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1623-1632, 1996
Landy HJ, Arias J, Green BA: Penetrating Injuries. In Tator C, Benzel E (eds): Contemporary Management of Spinal Cord Injury. American Assn of Neurological Surgeons, pp 177-186, 1995
Landy HJ: Head Injury and seizures. In Greenberg JJ (ed): Handbook of Head and Spine Trauma, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 207-212, 1993
Landy HJ, Schwade JG, Houdek PV, Feun L, Rodriguez M: Fractionated Stereotactic Radiation for Glioma. In Lunsford LD (ed): Stereotactic Radiosurgery Update, Elsevier, New York pp 421 424, 1992
Tucci K, Landy HJ, Green BA, Eismont F: Trauma to the Spine. In Critchley EMR, Eisen A (eds): Diseases of the Spinal Cord, Springer Verlag, London, pp 409 428, 1992
Landy HJ, Tucci K: Nonpenetrating Spinal Cord Injury. In Weiner W (ed): Emergent and Urgent Neurology, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 261 276, 1992
Landy HJ, Tucci K: Closed Head Trauma. In Weiner W (ed): Emergent and Urgent Neurology, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 239 260, 1992
Landy HJ, Green BA: Gunshot Wounds of the Spine. In Ordog, G. (ed): Management of Gunshot Wounds. Elsevier, New York, pp 267 282, 1988
JURIED OR REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES AND EXHIBITIONS:
Landy H, Feun L, Markoe A, Patchen S, Bruce J, Marcus J, Levi A: Extended remission of recurrent median nerve malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor after multimodality treatment. J Neurosurg (in press)
Savaraj N, Wu CJ, Landy H, Wangpaijit M, Wei Y, Kuo MT, Robles C, Furst AJ, Lampidis T, Feun L: Procollagen alpha 1 type 1: a potential aide in histopathological grading of glioma. Cancer Investigation (in press)
Landy HJ, Markoe AM, Wu X, Patchen SJ, Reis IM, Takita C, Abdel-Wahab MM, Wen BC, Wolfson AH, Huang DT: Safety and efficacy of tiered limited dose Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery for unilateral acoustic neuroma. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 82:147-152, 2004
Landy HJ: MR evaluation of radiosurgery on cerebral AVMs: a surgeon's view. Editorial. Amer J Neuroradiology 25:1632-1633, 2004
Landy H, Markoe A, Potter P, Lasalle G, Marini A, Savaraj N, Reis I, Heros D, Wangpaichitr M, Feun L: Pilot study of estramustine added to radiosurgery and radiotherapy for treatment of high grade glioma. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 67:215-220, 2004
Nutt JG, Burchiel KJ, Comella CL, Jankovic J, Lang AE, Laws ER, Lozano AM, Penn RD, Simpson RK, Stacy M, Wooten GF, ICV GDNF Study Group (incl. Landy HJ): Randomized double-blind trial of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in PD. Neurology 60:69-73, 2003
Calancie B, Harris W, Brindle GF, Green BA, Landy HJ: Threshold-level repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation for intraoperative monitoring of central motor conduction. J Neurosurg (Spine 1) 95:161-168, 2001
Zou J, Landy H, Feun L, Xu R, Lampidis T, Wu CJ, Furst AJ, Savaraj N: Correlation of a unique 220-kd protein with Vitamin D sensitivity in glioma cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 60: 1361-1365, 2000
Landy HJ, Weiner WJ, Calancie B, Harris W, Shulman LM, Singer C, Abrams L, Bowen B: Electromyography during stereotactic pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 74: 21-29, 2000
Landy HJ, Lee TT, Potter P, Feun LG, Markoe AM: Early MRI findings in high grade glioma. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 47: 65 - 72, 2000
Landy HJ: Localization and brain tumor surgery. Advances in Clinical Neurosciences 9:13-23, 1999
Raez L, Cabral L, Cai JP, Landy H, Sfakanakis G, Byrne GE, Hurley J, Scerpella E, Jayawera D, Harrington W: Treatment of AIDS related primary central nervous system lymphomas with azothymidine, ganciclovir and interleukin-2. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses, 15: 713-719, 1999
Linzer D, Ling SM, Villalobos H, Raub W, Wu X, Ting J, Berti A, Landy H, Markoe AM: Gamma Knife radiosurgery for large volume brain tumors: an analysis of acute and chronic toxicity. Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery, 70 (suppl 1): 11-18, 1998
Lee TT, Landy HJ: Spinal metastases of malignant intracranial meningioma. Surgical Neurology 50:437-441, 1998
Abdel-Wahab MMR, Wolfson AH, Raub W, Landy H, Feun L, Sridhar K, Brandon AH, Mahmood S, Markoe AM: The role of hyperfractionated reirradation in metastatic brain disease: a single institutional trial. Am J Clin Oncology 20:158-160, 1997
Savaraj N, Xu R, Landy HJ, Lai S, Sternau L, Solomon J, Wu CJ, Lampidis T, Feun LG: Comparison of topoisomerase I and II expression in primary brain tumor and lung cancer. Oncology Reports 4:857-861, 1997
Wu X, Ting JY, Markoe AM, Landy HJ, Fiedler JA, Russell J: Stereotactic Dose Computation and Plan Optimization Using the Convolution Theorem. Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery 66 (Suppl. 1): 302-308, 1996
Lee TT, Landy HJ, Bruce JH: Arteriovenous malformation associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Acta Neurochirurgica 138:590-591, 1996
Feun LG, Raub WA, Landy HJ, Green B, Wolfson A, Markoe A: Retrospective epidemiologic analysis of patients diagnosed with intracranial meningioma from 1977 to 1990 at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center. Cancer Detection and Prevention 20:166-170, 1996
Landy HJ, Civantos FJ: Craniofacial resection for malignant anterior skull base tumors. Contemporary Neurosurgery 17(15):1-6, 1995
Telischi FF, Landy H, Balkany TJ: Reducing temporal lobe retraction with the middle fossa approach using a lumbar drain. Laryngoscope 105:219-220, 1995
Snodgrass SM, Landy H, Markoe AM, Feun L: Neurologic complications of Merkel cell carcinoma - J Neuro-Oncology 22:231-234, 1994
Ruiz A, Ganz WI, Post WJD, Camp A, Landy H, Mallin W: Use of Thallium-201 brain SPECT to differentiate cerebral lymphoma from toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients. Amer J Neuroradiology 15:1885-1894, 1994
Feun LG, Savaraj N, Landy HJ: Drug resistance in brain tumors. J Neuro-Oncology 20:165-176, 1994.
Landy HJ, Schwade JG, Houdek PV, Markoe AM, Feun L: Long term follow up of gliomas treated with fractionated stereotactic irradiation. Acta Neurochirurgica 62 (Suppl.):26-30, 1994
George R, Salinsky M, Kuzniecky R, Rosenfeld W, Bergen D, Tarver WB, Wernicke JF, & First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group (Landy H): Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 3. Long-term follow-up on first 67 patients exiting a controlled study. Epilepsia 35:637-643, 1994
Ramsay RE, Uthman B, Augustinsson L, Upton ARM, Naritoku DK, Willis JK, Treig T, Barolat G, Wernicke JF, & First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group (Landy HJ): Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 2. Safety, side effects, and tolerability. Epilepsia 35:627-636, 1994
Ben-Menachem E, Manon-Espaillat R, Ristanovic R, Wilder BJ, Stefan H, Mirza W, Tarver WB, Wernicke JF, & First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group (Landy H): Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. Epilepsia 35:616-626, 1994
Landy HJ, Feun L, Schwade JG, Snodgrass S, Lu Y, Gutman F: Retreatment of intracranial gliomas. Southern Medical Journal 87:211-214, 1994
Wolfson AH, Snodgrass SM, Schwade JG, Markoe AM, Landy H, Feun L, Sridhar K, Brandon AH, Rodriguez M, Houdek PV: The role of steroids in the management of metastatic carcinoma to the brain: a pilot prospective trial. American Journal Clinical Oncology 17:234-238, 1994
Landy HJ: Removal of deep cerebral tumors with cranial sonography and cortical mapping. Contemporary Neurosurgery 15(19): 1-6, 1993
Lundy DS, Casiano RR, Landy HJ, Gallo J, Gallo B, Ramsay RE: Effects of vagal nerve stimulation on laryngeal function. Journal of Voice 7:359-364, 1993
Savaraj N, Feun LG, Blyden G, Yrizarry JM, Hsiang JG, Curtas J, Waldman S, Post JD, Benedetto P, Landy H, Guerra JJ: A pilot clinical and pharmacological study of intraarterial infusion of thiotepa. Cancer Biotherapy 8:37 42, 1993
Landy HJ, Ramsay RE, Slater J, Casiano RR, Morgan R: Vagus nerve stimulation for complex partial seizures: surgical technique, safety, and efficacy. Journal of Neurosurgery 78:26 31, 1993
Landy HJ, Curless RG, Ramsay RE, Slater J, Ajmone Marsan C, Quencer RM: Corpus callosotomy for seizures associated with band heterotopia. Epilepsia 34: 79-83, 1993
Brown MC, Levin BE, Ramsay RE, Landy HJ: Comprehensive evaluation of left hemisphere Type I schizencephaly. Archives of Neurology 50:667 669, 1993
Landy HJ, Ajmone Marsan C: Intracranial electrodes at University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center. Technology and Equipment Review. J Clinical Neurophysiology 9:311 312, 1992
Landy HJ, Ramsay RE, Ajmone Marsan C, Levin B, Brown J, Pasarin G, Quencer R: Temporal lobectomy for seizures associated with unilateral schizencephaly. Surgical Neurology 37:477 481, 1992
Landy HJ: Surgical management of temporal lobe epilepsy. Contemporary Neurosurgery 14(1):1 6, 1992
Berger JR, Tornatore C, Major EO, Bruce J, Shapsak P, Yoshioka M, Houff S, Sheremata W, Horton GF, Landy H: Relapsing and remitting human immunodeficiency virus associated leukoencephalomyelopathy Annals of Neurology 31:34 38, 1992
Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Serago CF, Landy HJ, Pisciotta V, Wu X, Markoe AM, Lewin AA, Abitbol AA, Bujnoski JL, Marienberg ES, Fiedler JA, Ginsberg MS: Computer controlled stereotaxic radiotherapy system. Int J Radiation Oncology Bio. Phys 22:175 180, 1991
Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Serago C, Markoe AM, Landy HJ, Pisciotta VJ, Fiedler JA, Wu X, Lewin AA, Abitbol AA, Gonzalez S: A practical approach to stereotactic radiotherapy, Varian Centerline 14 (3): 1 4, 1991
Landy HJ, Egnor M: Intraoperative ultrasonography and cortical mapping for removal of deep cerebral tumors. Southern Medical Journal 84:1323 1326, 1991
Feun LG, Savaraj N, Lee Y, Landy HJ, Martinez J, Charnsangavej C, Post JD, Lee KF, Wallace S, Bowen B, Kochan JP, Yung WA: A pilot clinical and pharmacokinetic study of intracarotid cisplatin and bleomycin. Selective Cancer Therapeutics 7:29 36, 1991
Landy HJ: Epilepsy surgery. Neurology and Neurosurgery Update 8(24): 1 8, 1990
Feun JG, Savaraj N, Landy HJ, Levin H, Lampidis T: Phase II study of homoharringtonine in patients with recurrent primary malignant central nervous system tumors. J Neuro Oncology, 9:159 163, 1990
Schwade JG, Houdek PV, Landy HJ, Bujnoski JL, Levin AA, Abitbol AA. Serago CF, Pisciotta VJ: Small field stereotactic external beam radiation therapy of intracranial lesions: fractionated treatment with a fixed halo immobilization device. Radiology 176,563 565, 1990
Houdek PV, Landy HJ, Quencer RM, Sattin W, Poole CA, Green BA, Harmon CA, Pisciotta V, Schwade JG: MR characterization of brain and brain tumor response to radiotherapy. International Journal Radiation Oncology Bio. Phys 15:213 218, 1988
Vorstman B, Schlossberg S, Landy H, Kass L: Nerve crossover technique for urinary bladder reinnervation: animal and human cadaver studies. Journal of Urology 137:1043 1047, 1987
Landy HJ, Villanueva PA: An improved subarachnoid screw for intracranial pressure monitoring. Technical note. Journal of Neurosurgery 61:606 608, 1984
OTHER WORKS, PUBLICATIONS, AND ABSTRACTS:
PATENTS:
Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Landy HJ, Ginsberg MS: Computer controlled stereotaxic radiotherapy system and method. United States Patent 5,107,839. April 28, 1992
Landy H, Landy L: Intracranial pressure monitoring probe. United States Patent No. 4,600,013. July 15, 1986
PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS:
Feun LG, Marini A, Landy H, Markoe A, Heros D, Savaraj N: Clinical and pharmacological study of CPT-11 and VM-26/VP-16 for patients with recurrent primary brain tumors. Proc American Society of Clinical Oncology 1558, 2005
Feun L, Wangpaichitr M, Wu C, Landy H, Lampidis T, Robles C, Savaraj N:
New approach in the treatment of primary brain tumor by targeting growth signaling pathway.
Proceedings American Association for Cancer Research 44:1506, 2003
Landy H, Markoe A, Potter P, Marini A, Savaraj N, Reis I, Wangpaichitr M,
Feun L: Radiosurgery plus estramustine in the treatment of patients with malignant
primary brain tumors. Proceedings American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2093, 2002
Savaraj N, Landy HJ, Xu R, Ying D, Wu CJ, Lampidis T, Feun LG: Relationship of Preprocollagen type I and vitamin D sensitivity in primary brain tumor. Proc. Amer. Assn. for Cancer Research, 40:1077, 1998
Feun L, Savaraj N, Landy H, Schwartz, M: Treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas with mustargen, oncovin, and procarbazine (MOP). Proc. Amer. Assn. for Cancer Research, 39:502, 1998
Savaraj N, Xu R, Landy H, Wu CJ, Lampidis TJ, Feun LG: Probing Vitamin D3 sensitivity in primary human brain tumor. Proc. Amer. Assn. for Cancer Research, 39:104, 1998
Raez L, Hurley J, Jayawera D, Scerpella E, Landy H, Cai J, Sfakanakis G, Cabral L, Harrington W: Treatment of AIDS related primary central nervous system lymphomas with azothymidine, ganciclovir and interleukin-2. Blood 90 (Suppl.1): 342a, 1997
Savaraj N, Xu R, Landy H, Wu CJ, Solomon J, Feun LG: Correlation of cytotoxic effect of Vitamin D and Vitamin D-like receptor in human brain tumor. Proc. ASCO, 1996
Feun L, Xu R, Savaraj N, Sternau L, Solomon J, Landy H: Topoisomerase I and II levels in human brain tumor. Abstract Exper Ther 36:448, 1995
Jacobs W, Fowers B, Siskind J, Ramsay RE, Landy HJ, Slater JD: Epilepsy: family evaluation and treatment. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl.8):56, 1994
Feun L, Landy H, Wu CJ, Bao JJ, Teeter L, Kuo MT, Sternau L, Savaraj N: Multidrug resistant associated protein (MRP) gene expression in primary brain tumor. Abstract. Proc ASCO 13:182, 1994
Savaraj N, Xu R, Wu CJ, Landy HJ, Feun L: Cytotoxic effect of novel 21-amino steroid U-74500A alone and in combination with cisplatin in human glioma cells. Abstract. Proc ASCO 13:179, 1994
Berger JR, Landy H, Sardo J, Kerbel D: Creutzfeldt Jakob disease: a ten year experience. Abstract. Neurology 44(Suppl 2):A260, 1994
Landy HJ, Ramsay RE, Slater J, Casiano RR, Morgan R: Vagus nerve stimulation for complex partial seizures: surgical technique, safety, and efficacy. Abstract. Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery 110-111, 1994
Brown MC, Slater JD, Ramsay RE, Landy HJ: Does discontinuation of anticonvulsant medication obscure neurosychological data in focal epilepsy? Abstract. Epilepsia 34 (Suppl 6): 86, 1993
Landy HJ: Vagus nerve stimulation for complex partial seizures. Letter. J Neurosurgery 79:637, 1993
Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Landy HJ: Integration of the radiosurgery process. Abstract. Acta Neurochirurgica 122:167, 1993
Landy HJ, Schwade JG, Houdek PV, Markoe AM, Feun L:Long term follow up of gliomas treated with fractionated stereotactic irradiation. Abstract. Acta Neurochirurgica 22:154, 1993
Ramsay RE, Ben Menachem E, Upton A, Ristanovic R, & NCP Study Group (includes Landy HJ): One year follow up of 29 patients with refractory epilepsy treated in a controlled study of vagal stimulation. Epilepsia 33 (Suppl 3):102, 1992
Wu CJ, Landy H, Savaraj N, Sternau L, Lampidis T, Feun LG: Molecular genetics of malignant glioma. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, 34:511, 1993
Slater JD, Lundy DS, Casiano RR, Landy HJ, Gallo BV, Lopresti J, Ramsay RE: Vagus nerve stimulation effects on laryngeal function. Epilepsia 33 (Suppl 3):101, 1992
Ramsay RE, Uthman B, Ben Menachem E, Slater J, Augustensen LE, Landy HJ, Reid S, Hammand E, Andersen O, Gallo BV, McJiltan JS, Wilder BJ: Efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in partial seizures: double blind comparison of two stimulus paradigms. Abstract. Epilepsia 32 (Suppl 3): 90 91, 1991
Landy HJ, Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Egnor M: Fractionated stereotactic radiation for skull base tumors. Skull Base Surgery (Suppl) 11, 1991
Savaraj N, Landy HJ, Wu C, Green B, Page L, Villanueva P, Feun L: Oncogene expression in central nervous system tumor. Proc. Amer Soc Clin Oncology 10:129, 1991
Landy HJ, Egnor M: Intraoperative ultrasound and cortical mapping for removal of deep cerebral tumors. Southern Med J 83(2S): 36 37 1990
Houdek PV, Schwade JG, Landy H. Serago CF, Pisciotta V, Markoe AM, Lewin AA, Amendola BE, Abitbol AA, Wu X, Bujnoski J, Marienberg ES: Computer controlled stereotaxic radiotherapy system. Int. J. Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 19 (Suppl.1): 135, 1990
Feun LG, Savaraj N, Landy HJ, Lu K, Green B, Page L, Rosomoff H, Lampidis T: Molecular biology of primary brain tumors. Abstract. Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncology 9:96, 1990
Savaraj N, Lampidis T, Levin H, Landy HJ, Waldman S, Feun L: Phase II Study of homoharringtonine and in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing in primary malignant brain tumor. Abstract. Proc Amer. Assn. for Cancer Research 30:274, 1989
Feun L, Landy H, Lu K, Li DJ, Duo MT, Lampidis T, Green B, Savaraj N: MDR1 gene expression in primary malignant brain tumor. Abstract. Proc. Amer Soc Clin Oncology 8:88, 1989
Landy HJ, Houdek PV, Dietrich WD, Gottlieb CF, Marcillo A. Green BA: Dose effects of high activity Iodine 125 seeds on normal rat brain. Abstract. Neurosurgery 19 152, 1986
Van Buren JM, Landy HJ, Houdek PV, Ginsberg MS: CT directed stereotactic fractionated rotational radiotherapy by linear accelerator. Abstract. Neurosurgery 19:149, 1986
Lang A, Landy HJ, Green B, Richard I, Thomas J, Reyes F, Kato S, Thompson K: Experience with sciatic nerve reconstruction with a new microlaser system. Abstract. Neurosurgery 16:723, 1985

